Exoplanet Calculator contains formulas for studying planets outside of our Solar System.Astronomical Distance Travel Time Calculator computes the time to travel to distant parts of space at different velocities.Sun, Moon, planets, stars, Milky Way's Center and Edge, Andromeda Galaxy) where v is the galaxys radial outward velocity, d is the galaxys distance from Earth, and H is the constant of proportionality called the Hubble constant. Astronomical Distance Calculator provides the distance from the Earth to numerous astronomical bodies (e.g.Distance from absolute and apparent magnitude.Blackbody Temperature from Peak Wavelength.Wavelength Shift from Wavelength and Speed.Velocity from shift in Wavelength and Unshifted Wavelength.Relative Luminosity from Relative Temperature and Size.Relative Temperature from Relative Size and Luminosity.From the Doppler shift formula, the velocity of the galaxy is v c z. This is defined so that if the object is moving away from us, the observed wavelength will be longer than expected and z will be positive. We then nd a redshift that is given by (1 + z)32 540y, or 1 + z 66y¡23. Suppose that the ionization fraction at the epoch of transparency is y. Relative Size from Relative Temperature and Luminosity Define the redshift z by the equation (&lambda denotes wavelength) z (&lambda observed - &lambda lab)/&lambda lab. With these assumptions, what is the redshift at which L(z) R(z) Answer: (b) The Saha equation is moderately complicated, so we need to be able to approach it carefully.Mass of extra-solar planet from mass and velocity of star and velocity of planet reason, H(z) H0 E(z) is the Hubble constant as measured by a hypothetical astronomer working at redshift z.) Since dz da, dzE(z) is proportional to the time-of-ight of a photon traveling across the redshift interval dz, divided by the scale factor at that time.Mass of extra-solar planet from mass of star, radius of star orbit and radius of exoplanet orbit (It is very important to note that galaxy redshift surveys, when presenting redshifts as radial velocities, always use the non-relativistic approximation v.(S) - size or diameter of astronomical object.Small Angle Formula Small Angle Formula α = S / D.Assume that the i-th component has the the equation of state pi wii where wi is a constant. (3) The scale factor a(t) satises the Friedmann equation µa a ♢ K a2 1 3M2 P X i i where i is the energy density of each component that lls the universe.
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